History Of Social Welfare Of Veterans - 1532 Words

The paper will address the history of social welfare of veterans the social, economic struggles of departure from the armed services to become a productive member of society discussed some of the stats on veteran employment, health issues, and homelessness elucidated some the services veteran received after their enlistment from active duty. Introduced non-profit organization resources for vets of all spectrums going through the filling process to file disability compensation claims. Therefore, the training, education provided from the DoD (Department of Defense) to ensure that veterans received the best care, adequate services that any veteran who was in need will have a professionally educated resourceful social worker. Many individuals joined the military to get away from home, travel, a new experience, pride, the educational benefits numerous individuals enlisted right after the 9/11 attack to fight against terrorist protector our military freedom recruiter justifying all the astounding benefits of entering one of our armed forces. Processed to boot camp receiving pay while you attended once completed head off to your MOS (Military Occupation School) three meals a day living quarters. You married, had children that military provided all medical, dental, evening housing. Those liberties you were accustomed to; no longer accessible once you exited military services many veterans had a hard time coping with day to day task. Military prepared to train you forShow MoreRelatedRepresentations Of Disability During The 20th Century1727 Words   |  7 Pagesin Military Veterans During the 20th Century At the end of the Civil War, Andrew Johnson alleged our nation s supposed investment in our veterans by claiming that â€Å" a grateful people will not hesitate to sanction any measures having for their relief of soldiers mutilated...in an effort to preserve our national existence.† Since then, our changing perception of disabled veterans of military service has affected the success and practice of their rehabilitation. Historians and social scientists haveRead MoreThe Department Of Veterans Affairs : A Brief History1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Department of Veterans Affairs: A Brief History According to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) assistance to our veterans and their families can be traced back to the 1600’s and Plymouth County. A law was passed stating that disabled soldiers would be supported by the colony. The first domiciliary and medical facilities for veterans were established in the 1800’s, followed by benefits and programs for widows and dependents of those killed in action. After World War I benefits were expandedRead MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness On The Homeless Population1372 Words   |  6 Pages History of Homelessness The term to describe the homeless may have changed over time, however the issue of housing insecurity has remained for some Americans throughout history (Kusmer, 2001). Although the homeless population has always maintained in the United States, homelessness became a national issue in 1870 with the emergence of the â€Å"tramp†: these were men that banded together, rode trains illegally and had negative interactions with law enforcement (2001). The movement of the homeless fromRead MoreThe Weimar Republic Was Little More Than A Loose Confederation Of Counties1201 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment. Due to this the benefits bestowed upon each veteran varied depending on the place they called home. Munich and Wurttemberg had systems where benefits would be coordinated through a central provincial government. Bavaria’s system was the most centralized and uniformed, therefore, one of the most efficient at dispersing benefits. However, many of the other counties in Germany pa rlayed the responsibility to the state approved welfare associations. (page 66) Many argued for the imperial governmentRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesThis memo recommends that the Michigan Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW-MI) use its resources to support Michigan House Bill 4843. This bill attempts to address the need for the increasing number of Michigan Veterans affected by psychological diagnoses and the benefits that come from utilizing service dogs to decrease effects associated with these diagnoses for Veterans to function in society. It would allow a five-year pilot program to be established to record the significanceRead More Ronald Schaffers America In The Great War Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica in the Great War gives new insights into World War I. The book gave historical accounts about the war that other books negated to included. The thesis that Schaffer tries to prove that the Great War was the start of the American welfare state and the beginning of â€Å"big† government. America in the Great War was structured in chronological order of the war, from America’s mobilization to the actual fighting. What the book did not include is a detail account of the fighting.Read MoreEssay on Ronald Schaffers America in the Great War1523 Words   |  7 PagesSchaffers America in the Great War gives new insights into World War I. The book gave historical accounts about the war that other books negated to included. The thesis that Schaffer tries to prove that the Great War was the start of the American welfare state and the beginning of big government. America in the Great War was structured in chronological order of the war, from Americas mobilization to the actual fighting. What the book did not include is a detail account of the fighting. ThisRead MoreSpss968 Words   |  4 PagesCLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK ------------------------------------------------- POLICY BRIEF VETERAN TREATMENT COURT SHOULD BE EXPANDED TO THE COMMON PLEAS COURT OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY TONY D. MORRIS PREPARED FOR: Honorable John J. Russo Administrative and Presiding Judge Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court July 1, 2014 SWK 300: SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY PROFESSOR MICHAEL A. DOVER SPRING 2014 GOAL STATEMENT The sole purpose of this policy brief is to deliverRead More Social Welfare Past and Present Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Welfare Past and Present Social welfare is an expansive system proposed to maintain the well being of individuals within a society. This paper will explain the progression from the feudal system and church provisions for the poor before the Elizabethan Poor Law to the gradual assumption of the responsibility for the poor by the government. A responsibility assumed not out of humanity and concern for the poor, but as a process of standardizing the ways in which the poor were to be managedRead MoreEssay on Intro to Human Services1296 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout History Human Services made a big impact and a difference in our society as we know it today. Through the sociological era in the 1900s many were faced with challenges such as financial support for the poor and no support or guidance for the children, developmentally disabled and the mentally ill. Human Services make positive and lasting differences in peoples lives, and they help improve the world. The early 1900s, sometimes called the sociological era, continued the period of social reform

The Fight For Equal Rights For Same Sex Marriages Across...

The Fight for Equal Rights for Same-Sex Marriages across the United States Having one loving parent is good. Having two loving parents is great. Having a mother and a father is traditional. Having two mothers or two fathers is wrong. This is what we are told to believe but as we learn from our past and grow as a society, we start to look for positive change in which our values are challenged and the truth becomes clear. It is not right to take away the basic rights of a person because of their sexual orientation. It is not right for a homosexual couple to be at a disadvantage and lack financial security because of who they choose to love. It’s true, marriage is sacred but it does not have to be defined as a union between one-man-one-woman. Truth is sexual orientation should not be a factor in regards to government protection of the basic rights of the people. According to the Gallup survey â€Å"†¦approximately .3 percent (.3%) of U.S. adults are married to a same-sex sp ouse, a mere .5 percent (.5%) identify as being in a same-sex domestic partnership and, of the estimated .8 percent (.8%) of the total U.S. adult population that are a part of a same-sex couple, 780,000 are married.† (Morris, â€Å"Gallup: Less Than 1% of Adult Population Part of a Same-Sex Couple†). Why turn the country inside out and overturn thousands of years of human history for 1%? Simple, people have rights that are granted by the government. Any person who is an upstanding citizen who payShow MoreRelatedRepresentation Of The United States960 Words   |  4 Pagesin the legislature. Equality is defined as the state of being equal. especially in regards to a person’s status, their rights as citizens, and the opportunities given to them. In American society, every citizen is supposed to be given equal rights and opportunities by the politicians they chose to represent them in the country’s government. One issue that I believe to be viewed and disc ussed by many people in our society is whether the United States government represents its citizens equally orRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination in the United States, and it took them more than ten years to find some sort of equality. Women have also faced discrimination for hundreds of years and it took them over fifty years to earn minimal rights. While the issue of homosexuality is relatively new to our country, the fight for rights started almost immediately, and people today are still struggling to earn civil liberties, like same-sex marriage. If some change isn’t made now, their struggle for rights could last even longerRead MoreThe Influence of Political Interest Groups Essay example995 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical interest groups have had a profound influence over important governmental decisions throughout the history of the United States. James Madison believed that everyone is self-interested; therefore, interest groups are an assemblage of individuals who share the same self-interest acting together to obtain goals beyond individual reach in complex societies. These interest groups are highly organized factions that have a certain agenda that is important to them. In order to ensure their agendaRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Jon Burrows American Government Unit 2 Research Paper 12/19/2016    Same-Sex Marriage Same-Sex marriage has been a button issue has tied to United States feelings on homosexuality. The family institutional structure in the United States is to be natural to have the heterosexual marriage and when they become parents, they will repopulate with heterosexual children and so on for generations to come.  Ã‚  History of same-sex marriage goes back to. Men marrying each other goes back to the 16th centuryRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreEquality for All: Gay Marriage Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout time, many have fought for the rights they believed they deserved and those guaranteed by the constitution. With each of these battles, those seen as â€Å"below the majority† were usually victorious. With that said, there is an inevitable future for the homosexual community to be eventually equal to everyone else. The question remains, what justifies the right for a gay couple to have the same benefits as a heterosexual couple? Gay marriage has been a wide spread issue for quite a bit ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Equal Rights And Opportunity In America1113 Words   |  5 PagesMy America values equal rights and opportunity for all its people. My America believes that equal rights are given to all its people no matter their race, religion, social status, gender, or sexuality. According to none of the aforementioned factors of a person’s identity should anyone face discrimination denying them of equal rights and opportunity. In my America, no one is denied t heir rights. In my America, everyone has the opportunity to pursue their passion. In America today we see people notRead MoreSex Marriage And Same Sex Parental Adoption1482 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 22, 2017 The topics of same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption have been controversial and ongoing topics in recent years, which is a drastic change in mainstream society. People of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LBGT) community have had a difficult time in gaining visibility and equal civil liberties, one of which is marriage equality. Same-sex couples have only recently been recognized under the law as legal candidates for marriage rights, and adoption is now an additionalRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples1451 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Love Most people feel that Government rights should automatically be granted to U.S. citizens. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even if they are upstandingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians1447 Words   |  6 PagesMost people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denie d the right to marry even if they are upstanding citizens. They

Fallen Not Forgotten free essay sample

I was mad, upset, angry, confused, hurt, and most of all I didn’t know what to do. Losing a family member can really hurt badly. The first time I lost a close family member was the worst. Ive had many family members pass away in my life; my aunt Cheryl, my cousin Erin Jade, but the one that affected me the most was my Uncle Paulie. When I was younger my Uncle passed. To me, my Uncle was everything. He was model and the reason I wanted to be good at everything was to impress him. I didn’t only lose my Uncle but I lost my mind. After he left I started to lose interest in the things I loved the hobbies I had, the friends I had. I hated everything and befriended no one. In my mind nothing would ever make me better. In school my attendance began to plummet, my grades began to steadily fall, and my interest in school was destroyed. We will write a custom essay sample on Fallen Not Forgotten or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My idea was â€Å"Why go to school? Im just going to die. It wasn’t worth it.† He always pushed me to be the best I could be. Whenever I felt any negativity about anything, Id go to him. He always helped me with girls, school, class, problems at home. He was always there. Without him things were hard. My dad was never really there for me his drug habits kind of over took his life. He was arrested three times with me in the car. How’s that for family time? So without him there, it made me realize how grateful I was to have him and, thinking about that, would make me hurt even more. Without him I felt destroyed. Thinking about it at that time was brutal. He was dead; Not sleeping or on a far trip, well for what some people say he could be but, to me he was gone. I proceeded to think about it. To me there was no one to go to. My mom asked that I try counseling. That really turned out to be a bad idea when I just happened to get the wrong counselor. The counselor ended up telling me that my uncle is dead and the first step is getting over it. I cried and screamed and ran to my mom. It was like no one could fix the damage, it was Permanente. I was to mad to listen. I didnt want to believe it, nor was I going to. Every time I thought about it things just got worse; Id break myself down till there was nothing left. It hurt, and because it did, I acted badly because of it. I stopped doing things I was good at and messed a lot of things up. I just had bad streak after bad streak that lasted until ninth grade. I just couldn’t stop myself and I hated the world. I started hanging with the wrong crowd and started messing up my life and the standards my parents and family had for me were destroyed. There were no longer boundaries I was reckless and dumb. It was my first time loosing someone that meant everything to me. Losing him hurt the worst. It is something that has always affected me and something I believe always will. I learned that even though he’s gone, there’s still so much I could do for him and this world. Also, I know my whole family needs me to do my best and that I should want to do the things I’m good at, like school. Losing somebody can really hurt and sometimes I guess you really don’t realize what you have, until it’s gone. But the lesson I really learned most of all is that is that even though someone is gone it doesn’t mean you can’t still try to impress them and also that even though they are gone doesn’t mean you can’t listen to what they’ve said.

Kate Chopin Woman Out of Her Time free essay sample

A comparison of three short stories by Kate Chopin. This paper compares the three short stories by Kate Chopin: Story of an Hour, A Respectable Woman and Regret. It considers symbolism, style, tone, setting and perspective in these stories. The paper demonstrates this through the writers examination of how emotions and events are depicted with the positive and negative impacts of marriage, as interpreted by a reader. Kate Chopin was a woman out of her time. Her writing looks at the role of women in a society where they are constrained by the societal frameworks and ideas of propriety. This is reflected in the way that marriage is presented in a truly feminist perspective in her stories. The subjects of Chopins books have many common themes including the emotions of women and the analogy of youth. If we look at the way in which marriage was viewed with both positive and negative aspects we may gain a more comprehensive understanding of her work. We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Chopin: Woman Out of Her Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Unfortunate Dys

The Unfortunate Dys The Unfortunate Dys The Unfortunate Dys By Sharon The prefix dys- derives from the Greek and has a number of unfavourable meanings. In Greek, using this prefix denoted the opposite of anything that was easy, favourable or fortunate, according to the Oxford Dictionary of Etymology. Connotations include: impaired, defective, difficult, slow, wrong, ill, harsh, disordered and bad. There are a number of common words which use this prefix: dyscalculia: difficulty in solving mathematical problems dysentery: an intestinal disorder dysfunction: abnormal or impaired function; hence, dysfunctional dysgraphia: inability to write correctly because of impairment in brain function dyskinesia: impairment of the the ability to make voluntary movements dyslexia: difficulty with processing written language, resulting in reading and spelling difficulties A longer list is available on the WordQuests site. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past Form10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

University of the District of Columbia Admissions Data

University of the District of Columbia Admissions Data University of the District of Columbia Description: The University of the District of Columbia is a historically black, public university located in Washington, D.C. (learn about other D.C. colleges). It is the only public university in the District of Columbia and one of the few urban land grant institutions in the United States. The nine-acre main campus is situated in northwest D.C., just a short distance from many of the Washington metropolitan area’s cultural and recreational offerings. UDC offers more than 75 degree programs for undergraduate and graduate students, including popular programs in business administration, accounting, biology and administration of justice. The university is especially proud of its education program, including its Center for Urban Education. Academics are supported by a 14 to 1 student / faculty ratio. The university also includes the UDC Community College, a branch of the university that grants associate’s degrees, and the David A. Clarke School of Law. Campus life is active at UDC, wi th more than 50 student clubs including the Aviation Student Association and Video Game Association, and a host of fraternities and sororities. The UDC Firebirds field ten men’s and women’s varsity athletic teams in the NCAA Division II East Coast Conference. Admissions Data (2016): UDC Acceptance Rate: -University of the District of Columbia has open admissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -Whats a good SAT score?ACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -Whats a good ACT score? Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 4,318  (3,950 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 43% Male / 57% Female46% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $5,612  (in-state); $11,756 (out-of-state)Books: $1,280  (why so much?)Room and Board: $16,425Other Expenses: $4,627Total Cost: $27,944  (in-state); $34,088 (out-of-state) University of the District of Columbia Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 75%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 65%Loans: 30%Average Amount of AidGrants: $6,756Loans: $5,530 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Corrections, Economics, Graphic Design, Health Education, Social Work Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 56%Transfer-out Rate: 30%4-Year Graduation Rate: 13%6-Year Graduation Rate: 33% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Soccer, Tennis, Lacrosse, BasketballWomens Sports:  Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country, Lacrosse, Basketball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like the University of DC, You May Also Like These Schools: Virginia State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDelaware State University: Profile  George Washington University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphVirginia Union University: Profile  American University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGeorge Mason University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTennessee State University: Profile  Clark Atlanta University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphShaw University: Profile  Norfolk State University: Profile   University of the District of Columbia Mission Statement: mission statement from  udc.edu/about/history-mission/ The University of the District of Columbia is a pacesetter in urban education that offers affordable and effective undergraduate, graduate, professional, and workplace learning opportunities. The institution is the premier gateway to postsecondary education and research for all residents of the District of Columbia. As a public, historically black, and land-grant institution, the University’s responsibility is to build a diverse generation of competitive, civically engaged scholars and leaders.

The definition of community is changing with the rise of technology Research Paper

The definition of community is changing with the rise of technology and generation Y - Research Paper Example The technology has created a platform for the irreplaceable characters to replace real and mortal people. Research indicates that there are real actions by the virtual community. This research paper investigates the change and emergence of virtual communities and societal norms as a consequence of technological growth. The thesis of the paper is; as technology becomes undeniably prominent in everyday life, it has altered the way people conduct themselves, and has resulted to changing the definition of what a community truly is. Most of the online interactions are influenced by a lack of corporeality. The communications are propagated in the absence of body. This has made cyberspaces to be susceptible to human foibles. A telling example is the energy creatures. The energy creature is defined as an online stereotype with certain pathological behaviors. These behaviors tend to infect newsgroups and chat rooms (CeCe and Wendy, 37). Most of these characters look for negative attention. Th e online communities are full of people willing to stir up emotions of thousands within the online community. The emerging community rarely spends time appreciating others. The virtual communities have a social system with includes diversity (Feenberg and Barney, 51). The cyber communities have redefined morality and ethics. Philosophy has attempted to redefine moral realism in the context of the generation Y and emerging virtual communities. The realism and speech act theory suggests that virtual characters can have real actions. However, admitting the intentions in the online communications has introduced particular difficulties for online communications. The virtual communities are seldom interested in merely passing the information (Feenberg and Barney, 51). The circumstances of the virtuality tend to mitigate the moral concerns. The authentic social practices means that some characters tend to bully others. Therefore, cyber space must have defined through the emerging norms (Ce Ce and Wendy, 37). The moral theory introduces a notion of wrongness in a new light. A combination of realism and the moral theory is increasingly becoming important the in the philosophical perceptions of the virtual communities. The causal principle of reality states that real causes have real effects. This principal has a metaphysical commitment to the virtual communities (Putnam, 39). There are no imaginary causes to the real effects. Therefore, the online community must be perceived substantively and objectively. The virtual communities are perceived to be exposing ideals which otherwise lacked a platform for exposure and analysis (Feenberg and Barney, 51). Therefore, the changing morals are not a new phenomenon. The online characters are known to act in a performative way which means that they can cajole, promise or flirt with other characters. These characters intentions are achieved in a real way. Therefore, the online atmosphere is a place where characters cause substantive impact on the physical world. The virtual communities must be perceived to be actual players in the actual or physical communities (Putnam, 49). The other instant is online hate or bullying which causes teenagers to commit suicide. The virtual characters in a screen subscribe to unscripted cultural norms among the digital communities. These emerging norms keep evolving with time (CeCe and Wendy, 39). The

IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The team circling the project manages various activities involved within the project. According to the activities, it has been further revealed that activities incorporate competing demands with respect to time, quality, risk and cost. Project teams make efforts in managing the expectations with regard to the stakeholders. It is the responsibility of the project team to identify the requirements related to running a project. The knowledge areas related to the project management represent the integration, time, scope, cost, quality, human resource and communication and risk management. Application of the knowledge areas with respect to project management is shown through a pictorial representation given below: (Choudhuri, n.d.). Application of Knowledge Areas (Choudhuri, n.d.) With reference to the provided scenario, it is observed that Moonsoon boutique wants to open an online shop, thus it has hired an IT Project Manager to handle and manage the entire project cycle. The objective o f the assignment project related to Moonsoon boutique entails the effective handling of the required changes in the business process with the aid of a number of busineess and IT teams. This report will reflect the use and the application of the concept involved within project manegemnet that helps in the success or failure of a given project. The objectiv of this report is to discuss the three constraints of project management that entail scope, time and cost along with quality management (Choudhuri, n.d.). Importance of Project Management Concepts in the Success and Faliure of a Project Project management with respect to e-commerce plays a vital role in a business activity. The system related to e-commerce represents outsourcing solutions from the web as well as the mobile sites. A project manager involved in the management of e-commerce projects must take care about the package selection, knowledge management, project portfolio management and the improvement of the research proces s (Light & et. al., 2005). To manage and deliver a project successfully, it entails six phases. Application and implementation of six phases lead the team to the appropriate direction. In accordance with the phases of the project management, when it is divided, the total allocated work is separated into different components that ultimately facilitate in monitoring the activities in a convenient manner (Modesto & Tichapondwa, 2009). Initiation phase represents the beginning of any project. It incorporates the idea that relates to the exploration and the elaboration of the project. Implementation of the initiation phase reflects the feasibility of the project. In accordance with ensuring that the online shop of Moonsoon boutique functions appropriately, all the relevant details must be taken into concern. Parties involved in the given project must acquire a clear understanding and knowledge of the boutique shop. Proper and effective plan related to the proceedings of the project is pl anned by project manager in this phase (Modesto & Tichap

Politics and Administration Essay Example for Free

Politics and Administration Essay Introduction 186, 207, 221? Power Struggle between the pro-democratic and pro-conservatism One of the reasons that led to such a tragic end for Tiananmen Movement is the power struggle between the two camps of leaders, pro-democratic (Former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhao Ziyang) and pro-conservatism (Deng Xiao Ping). In 2009, a memoir was published based on audiotapes recorded by Zhao Ziyang, called Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang, he mentioned that he â€Å"didn’t want to be a General Secretary who opens fire on the people. † From this, we could clearly tell by that time, Zhao differed in opinion from Deng and other conservative leaders, like Li Peng on how to handle the student movement, i.e. whether to pursue a peaceful or a military solution. http://blog.foolsmountain.com/2009/06/03/tiananmen-1989-a-need-for-dialogue-20-years-later/ One very crucial turning point that we know is that by that time, the CCP General Secretary made a scheduled official visit to North Korea, which turned out to be a bad decision at the time of turmoil; this was because on April 26th CCP Central issued an editorial on Peoples Daily in the absence of Zhao Ziyang, which was titled Uphold the flag to unambiguously oppose any turmoil, denouncing that the patriotic student movement as a turmoil ignited by an extremely small handful of opportunists. http://www.alliance.org.hk/64/6420/?page_id=521 According to Wu Jiaxiang, a former aide and a leading political scientist in Beijing, Zhao Ziyang, before leaving for North Korea on April 21st, had instructed that no politburo meeting should be held in his absence but other CCP leaders, likle Yang Shankun Li Peng immediately convened a CCP Expanded Poliburo Meeting, then reported to Deng Xiaoping with meeting opinions, and then borrowed Deng Xiaopings mouth in stating that CCP should not fear bloodshed. And in Zhao Zhiyangs self account, recorded by Yang Jisheng, he claimed that it was li Ximing Chen Xitong who contacted Wan Li on the night of April 21st in request of convening a commissar meeting; that Wan Li relayed the info to Li Peng. Later, according to ________, Li Peng convened the meeting on the night of 24th, reported it to Deng Xiaoping on 25th, and was authorized to relay Dengs opinions to communist cadres; and that Li Peng took advantage of the occasion to draft a newspaper commentary for publication on April 26th. By the time Zhao returned to China after the scheduled visit, he found it was just too late to remedy the situation as hostilities between the government and the people have been greatly aggravated. Other than the mis-communication over the Peoples Dailys editorial, we may gain further insights into the power struggle between the party leaders by taking a look at a previous document obtained by CNN and written by Bao Tong, a close aide to Zhao Ziyang, describing in detail the events leading up to the crackdown on student protests in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. September 25, 1989 Comrade Hu Yaobang died on April 15, soon after which the student demonstrations began. I was extremely worried. Comrade Xiaoping pointed out in his speech on April 25 that the overwhelming priority in China is stability I completely agreed with his point; I also wanted to maintain stability and prevent turmoil. Specifically, I wanted to make an effort to reduce tensions and to avoid precipitating the tension into clashes. The Peoples Daily April 26th editorial, in my view, was harsh in language and lacked analysis and persuasiveness; I had my reservations about it. On May 19 and 20, the Central Committee announced the decision to send the military into Beijing and declare martial law; in my heart, I believed we made a terribly wrong move; I was afraid that we would be trapped in a very difficult situation, riding a tiger, hard to get-off. The Central Standing Committee collectively criticized Comrade Zhao Ziyang; I felt it was unfair. 1.1 It was I who first informed Comrade Ziyang that the April 26th editorial had aggravated the confrontational mood of students and people who had previously taken a neutral position. Comrade Ziyang returned to Beijing from North Korea on April 30th. As soon as he returned, I reported to him as follows: Students have been demonstrating in the streets since April 27th. There were so many of them that it was impossible to blockade; there were also lots of onlookers following them. Some government officials sympathized with the demonstrations. There were signs that the incident was escalating and expanding; there were a great number of students and others who resented the April 26th editorial and believed that it was hostile towards them. I spoke about my opinion of the editorial: the positive side of the editorial was that it presented Comrade Xiaopings thoughts that China must maintain stability and must not fall into turmoil. However, the editorial was written in a very harsh tone, did not adequately present reasons and lacked analysis. It also did not take into consideration the acceptance of people who were previously neutral. Since there were so many people who believed that the editorial was hostile to them, it was obvious that the editorial did not express its ideas clearly. Comrade Ziyang did not express his own opinions at that time. After a few days, he said to me: It seems that there are flaws in the editorial. Comrade Ziyang certainly formulated his opinions in his own way, but it was I who first reported to him about the editorial with this point of view. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/22/tiananmen.document.01/ Students Uncollective Actions As discussed above, power struggle among the party leaders is one of the factors in leading to the unwanted tragedy of the June 4th Movement, but as I argue down below, the chaotic and unsystematic internal management of various student movements are by nature underlying factors to the tragedy. After the April 27 demonstration, the government commenced to open up dialogues with students, and the government seemed to take the initiative to adopt a more positive approach towards the student movement. The governments willingness to concede and negotiate have lit up the hope for the majority of students that the entire student movement might come to a peaceful end(Source: Book) Yet, almost by the same time, the leadership and organization of the movement among the student leaders became problematic. Not only did the student movement organizations hold different points of views towards the movement strategies, some of the student leaders also paid no respect to organizational claims, and much often instead, they themselves acted on behalf of their organizations. One fine example would be the case of Zhou Yongjun, who was the president of Beijing Autonomous Federation. He helped organize another big demonstration on May 4. However, without any consent from his fellows and colleagues, he announced the end of class strike without a clear resolution within the leadership. http://www.standoffattiananmen.com/2009/04/people-of-1989-zhou-yongjun.html In order to better describe the dividing powers among the student leaders during the late stages of June 4th Movement, Zhao (2001) simply grouped the student demonstrators by that time into three groups, which are called respectively Dialogue Delegation Group, Beijing Students Autonomous Group and the so-called charismatic group http://site.ebrary.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/lib/hkulibrary/docDetail.action?docID=10402626 As Zhao (2001) noted, the students that belonged to Dialogue Delegation Group were eager for the coming dialogue with the government. References Gonzales, Eduardo, L. and Gillespie, C.G. (1994). Presidentialism and Democratic Stability in Uruguay. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Comparative Perspective (pp. 151 – 178). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press Hanan, D. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism and semi-presidentialism: Incentives and disincentives in achieving multiple democratic goals. Retrieved from http://djayadihanan.blogspot.com/2007/12/presidentialism-parliamentarism-and.html Linz, Juan J. (1994). The Failure of Presidential Democracy. The Case of Latin America. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference? (pp.7).Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press Maeda, K. Nishikawa M. (2006). Duration of Party Control in Parliamentary and Presidential Governments: A Study of Sixty-Five Democracies, 1950-1998. Retrieved from http://www.bsu.edu/web/mnishikawa/MaedaNishikawa2006CPS.pdf Mainwaring, S. (1993). Presidentialism, Multipartiism, and Democracy, The Difficult Combination. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 26 No. 2 (pp. 198 – 228) Mainwaring, S. Shugart, M. (1993). Juan Linz, presidentialism, and democracy: A critical appraisal. Retrieved from http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/200.pdf Power, Timothy and Mark J. Gasiorowski. (1997). Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies. Shugart, M. S., Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: constitutional design and electoral dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Valenzuela, A. (1994). Party Politics and the Crisis of Presidentialism in Chile: A Proposal for a Parliamentary Form of Government. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy The Case of Latin America (pp. 93). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press

Midsummer Nights Dream: Shakespeare vs. Michael Hoffman Essay

Midsummer Night's Dream: Shakespeare vs. Michael Hoffman A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of Shakespeare’s most popular and frequently performed comical plays (Berardinelli). The play transformed into a cinematic production by Michael Hoffman has not changed in its basic plot and dialogue, but the setting and some character traits have. The play setting has been gracefully moved from 16th century Greece to 19th century Tuscany (Berardinelli). The addition of bicycles to the play affects the characters in that they no longer have to chase each other around the woods, but can take chase in a more efficient fashion. As far as characters are concerned, Demetrius is no longer the smug and somewhat rude character we find in act 1, scene 1 (Shakespeare pg. 6, line 91), but rather a seemingly indifferent gentleman placed in an unfortunate circumstance set to delay his wedding to Hermia. Perhaps the most noticeable change in the character set from stage to film occurs in the characters of Puck and Nick Bottom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Puck, or Robin Goodfellow, is established in the play as the jester to the King of Fairies, Oberon. He first appears in Act 2, Scene 1 when he and another fairy discuss the disagreement between Oberon and Titania are having. The fairy gives us some indication of Puck's character as she describes how Puck â€Å"frights the maidens of the villagery† and â€Å"Misleading the night wanderers† (Act 2.1, line 35). When Titania refuses to give up the boy servant that Oberon wants, he comes up with a plan to steal the child, and enlists Puck's help to do so. Oberon is fully aware of Puck’s desire to have a good time at the expense of others, but trusts him with the task of retrieving the flower to make Titania fall in love with â€Å"Lion, Bear, Wolf, or Bull.† (Act 2.1, line 180) The idea here is to convince Titania to hand over the changeling boy while she is infatuated with a beast. Being attracted to mischief, Puck seems excited to be taske d to this adventure, and claims to return â€Å"Within forty minutes† (Act 2.1, line 176) so that they can get started on their plan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Puck describes his harmful behavior as if it is all logically consistent. He says he â€Å"Sometimes lurk in gossip’s bowl,† but does not think he takes anything too far. A lot of the humor that Puck brings to the play comes across in a subtle manner. For example, after he places the flower on Lysande... ...age. Instead of laughing at Bottom, the film generates a feeling of sorrow for his character. When the wine is poured on him when the craftsmen first meet, Bottom takes an obvious emotional blow, so one can see how he would artificially inflate himself with the false perception of being a wonderful actor. When chosen to perform for Thesseus’s wedding, the players are very nervous and turn to Bottom for comfort. They look up to and respect Bottom for his confidence and acting ability, but Bottom later makes a fool of himself in the play by over dramatizing the part of Pyramus, especially when he performs the death of Pyramus. Michael Hoffman’s adaptation of A Midsummer Night’s Dream brings a classical play to a modern audience and makes it an exciting and humorous experience. This is accomplished most notably with the direction he gives to the two characters discussed. The animated humor of Bottom and the slightly more subtle badgering of other characters brou ght forth by Puck creates a certain amount of attachment to the movie by the viewer. The cinematic version of Shakespeare’s play is well adapted to a modern audience, especially through the characters of Puck and Nick Bottom.

Compare and Contrast Sudanic and Mongolian Empires

While the West African Sudanic Empire and Mongols were similar because they both had great centers of trade, such as Timbuktu and the Silk Road, and had a flourishing economy, the Sudanic Empire was greatly influenced by Islam whereas the Mongols accepted many different faiths and the Mongol Empire rose though war and conquest through violence, while the Sudanic Empire rose through more peaceful strategies. The Mongols and the Sudanic empires both had successful economies. The Mongols conquered China in 1220 and established control there.This control enabled them to have ownership of the Silk Road, which brought in plenty of cash due to the demand for Chinese products such as porcelain, silk, etc. The Mongols also took taxes and tributes from their subjects, which provided them with money for their military campaigns. The Sudanic Empire had control of the trans-Saharan trade, which included centers of trade such as Timbuktu. Under Sunni Ali, the empire reached high levels in trade an d economic success. While the Sudanic Empire was greatly influenced by Islam, the Mongols did not follow any one religion.Through trade and interaction, the religion of Islam was spread to the Sudanic Empire. Because it was accepted by many rulers, much of the population converted to Islam. The religion became so popular that, in the 1500s, the trading city of Timbuktu had a prominent Islamic university &180 schools that taught the Quran. The Mongol Empire had a polytheistic religion in the beginning, but had no governing organized religion system. Through interaction, many Mongols converted to faiths such as Islam and Christianity because they were stationed in areas where those religions were popular, such as Persia and Baghdad.There was never any extremely popular faith that the Mongos followed. Although the Sudanic and Mongol empires had different faiths, they were both tolerant to other religions. The Sudanic Empire continued to let the African polytheistic religions practice t heir faith and the Mongols did not disturb the religions of the places they conquered but rather assimilated to them. The Mongol Empire rose though war and conquest through violence, while the Sudanic Empire rose through more peaceful strategies.The Mongols were known for their great skill on the battlefield. It was through this skill that they conquered their subjects. Killing and looting was the Mongolian past time and was a fun experience for them. Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols massacred and devastated civilizations. The Sudanic Empire was much less destructive, compared to the Mongols. There was some violence for example when the Mali Empire replaced the Ghanaians, but it was not as large scale as the Mongols massacring Baghdad.

World Religions Report: Catholicism

What is Catholicism? Catholicism is considered similar to Christianity with slight differences, such as having the Pope as the head of the church and a strong devotion to the Virgin Mary. Basically, Catholics believe that their Church was founded by Jesus Christ. In addition, Catholic beliefs are specifically mentioned in the Apostles' Creed. Catholics also have sacraments which are received throughout the course of life. They give primary importance to Baptism, which makes them an official member of the Catholic Church. Generally, Catholic belief is based both on Scriprture and Tradition. The Holy Bible that contains scriptures are divided between the New and Old Testaments. â€Å"The original language of most of the Old Testament is Hebrew or Aramaic, but several books or portions of books were written in Greek. The New Testament was also written in Greek† (Christianity Portal, 2006). Moreover, sacred traditions are ones carried over from the earliest Church practices. These are handed down through scriptural teachings. They are guided in life by the Ten Commandments, that are believed to be given by God himself through a prophet named Moses. These commandments include honoring one's parents, not taking the name of God in vain, and honoring Sabbath day (Sunday), among others. The commandments are based on love of God and mankind. Based on the commadments, Man is also forbidden to kill another or steal from others. Committing against the commandments is considered a â€Å"mortal† sin and can condemn one to hell. On the other hand, following the commandments and being good towards others promises heaven and eternal life. Furthermore, prayer is important in the life of every Catholic. However, this is not an obligation. They have various forms of prayer towards God, special prayers to saints and patron saints, ad prayers according to intention. In addition, there are Catholics who have established devotion to Mary, the mother of Jesus. They pray to her for intercession, basing on the belief that whatever is asked through her to Jesus will be granted. These, however, depends if it is God's will. They pray the Holy Rosary, which consists of repetitions of the Hail Mary, a prayer for Mary. During the rosary, they recall the life of Christ in the form of four mysteries: Joyful, Sorrowful, Glorious, and Light Mysteries. Catholicism believes in one God and sees Him as â€Å"eternal, all-powerful, all-knowing and omnipresent†(Christianity Portal, 2006). Catholics believe that God know all man's thoughts and sees all his actions. Catholics believe that there are three persons in one God – the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. â€Å"The faith of the Church and of the individual Christian is based on a relationship with these three Persons of the one God† (Christianity Portal, 2006). Name, Location Review of the Site The interview with Danford Cabinatan was conducted in The Saint Rita's Catholic Church in Waianae, Hawaii. It is located in 89-318 Farrington Highway, Nanakuli. The church can be easily identified as Catholic as there are three big crosses on top of it. Inside are statues of Mary, angels, and saints. Most noticeable is the statue of the crucified Christ on the cross. There is a rectangular table by the altar where the priest officiates the Holy Mass. The said table faces wooden pews, where Catholics sit/kneel during the Mass. Based on Saint Rita's official website, their schedule of Masses are held everyday. However, confessions are held by appointment. In addition, matrimony should be scheduled at least 6 months ahead of the actual wedding date. Saint Rita conducts religious educational activities for the youth and for adults. They conduct Bible Studies and Scripture Sharing. Interview Summary Ten questions about Catholicism were prepared for this interview. Danford Cabinatan willingly answered all these questions. He was baptized Catholic and was raised as one by his parents. Baptism, as he said, prepares adults to receive other sacraments such as Reconciliation and Confirmation. As a Catholic, he attends Mass on Sundays and holy days of obligation, confesses his sins, receives the Holy Communion, and observes the days of fasting and abstinence. Some of the important and traditional Catholic holidays are the Holy Days of Obligation, Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, The Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, Feast of the Assumption of Mary, All Saints Day, Feast of the Immaculate Conception and Christmas or the Nativity of Jesus Christ. Catholics differ from other Christians as they celebrate the Eucharist. In contrast to Christians, the Catholic Church is overseen by the Pope, and has devotion to Mary and the Saints. The Christia Bible also differs from other religious books as it has the Old and the New Testaments. All Christians use the Bible, however they differ in versions and translations. When asked how has his religion shaped his life, Cabinatan answered â€Å"Religion is/will always be part of my life and shaped me to what I am today. Believing and having faith In God. Believe in the Ten Commandments and life will be good to anyone. One just needs to recite the Apostles’ Creed. † He also denies questioning his faith at any point of his life. The Catholic Church is involved in the community lot of social programs and ministries throughout the world. They include shelters, hospitals and schools. The ministries like the Catholic Relief Services and Charities help the poor, families, sick and elderly. The Catholic Church have organizations world wide like the Daughters of Charity and the Knights of Columbus. The Knights of Columbus visited every family who had lost family member/members in the 9-11incident. In addition, the Knights also assisted and donated huge amount of money to the families affected by the 9-11 attack. Cabinatan is a member of the Knights of Columbus and a Eucharistic minister. He also is an Extra Ordinary minister at the hospital where he visits the sick and administers the Eucharist every 5th Sunday. Catholism versus Buddhism There are significant differences between Catholicism and Buddhism. Among which are beliefs, faith, traditions, and practices. One of the major differences is the entity worshipped. Catholics, as Christians, primarily believe in Jesus Christ while Buddhists believe in Buddha. Jesus Christ was the son of Mary, who conceived Christ through Immaculate Conception. Buddha was born as Siddhartha Gautama, who was the King of India. Christ claimed he is both man and God, who died and rose again, â€Å"establishing a unique and everlasting covenant with man† (Clark, 2008). On the other hand, Buddha is believed to be one of the many to come in different ages â€Å"to teach man that life is an illusion and to strip away human desires and attachments†(Clark, 2008). Christ said that he is â€Å"the Way, the Truth, and the Life† while Buddha teaches that â€Å"every person must find their own path to enlightenment, or nirvana, the extinction of self†(Clark, 2008). Jesus taught â€Å"God wishes to share His divine life, given through the Son by the power of the Holy Spirit while Buddha taught individuality must perish and that everything is One† (Clark, 2008). On faith, Buddhists do not believe in a god. Buddha was a human being â€Å"who attained full Enlightenment through meditation and showed the path of spiritual awakening and freedom† (Fisher, 2005, p. 134). With this, Buddhism is said to be a religion of â€Å"wisdom, enlightnement and compassion† while Catholicism is a religion of God. Catholics believe that the Church is the Body and Bride of Christ, the seed of the Kingdom of God, and the conduit of God's grace and mercy in the world† (Clark, 2008). Catholics rely on faith in God when difficulties and trials come in life. Meanwhile, Buddhist teaching suggests that the only way to escape these difficulties is non-existence. In the light of sufferings and problems, Catholics see these as something to bring them closer to God. They see these as part of everyday life and takes these as a reason to maintain devotion to God. In other words, sufferings and sacrifices unite them with him. On the other hand, the Buddhists see suffering as something to be escaped from. They are â€Å"not concerned with whether or not God exists, nor offer worship. Instead, seek after non-self (anatman)†(Clark, 2008). Buddhists also believe that it was during meditation under a bodhi tree that Buddha was suddenly enlightened. He was enlightened with the doctrine or â€Å"dharma† of â€Å"Four Noble Truths†. These are: (1) life is suffering; (2) the cause of suffering is desire; (3) to be free from suffering we must detach from desire; and, (4) the â€Å"eight-fold path† is the way to alleviate desire. The eight-fold path includes having right views, intentions, speech, actions, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. The final goal of Buddhism is not merely to eradicate desire, but to be free of suffering. (Clark, 2008) On practice, the Catholics celebrate the Holy Eucharist every Sunday. They attend the mass on Holy Days of Obligation: Feast of the Immaculate Conception and Christmas Day. Catholics have various prayers that are prayed at any time of the day. Catholics also have traditional prayers such as the Our Father, that is believed to have been taught by Jesus Christ himself. Any conversation with God is considered a form of prayer. At times, they meditate and keep silent, since they believe that God speaks in silence. Buddhists, on the other hand, do not pray to a higher power as Catholics do, but they recite mantras and meditate. Buddhists meditate to gain clarity of thought, power of concentration and insight into the true nature of reality. Similarities noted between these two religions is the practice of prayer and the desire to reach a good and peaceful state. According to the Ignatius in Sight website, â€Å"External similarities, including monks, meditation, and prayer beads, seemed to indicate a newly discovered closeness between the followers of Christ and Buddha† (Clark, 2008). Conclusion It appears that Catholicism is a religion while Buddhism is more of a way of life. Catholics observes rules based on the commandments and morals that guide their way of life. However, this is not in a strict sense. Some opt to be non-practicing Catholics. These are ones who were baptized in the Catholic church but do not attend the Mass or receive any other sacraments. Catholics may do good in the name of God and mankind but with the fear that failing to do so will make them sin and go to hell. Also, they aim to do what the Catholic Church teach, for fear of immorality. Based from the interview of Danford Cabinatan, his inclination in the Catholic faith was instilled right after birth. He was baptized as a Catholic and accordingly brought up as one by his parents. When he was asked how he deals with the impulses of the secular world, he exclaimed â€Å"I tell everyone to stay close to the church and life will be good to you! Don’t let life pass you by! This is why Cabinatan is an active member of the Church and a true practicing Catholic. The impression is Cabinatan appears contented and happy being a Catholic all his life. He even remarked that he has never doubted the Catholic faith. He did not consider converting to any religion. Just like any job, relationship, or status, one's religion can be freely chosen. What matters is what works f or the person and what makes him live a healthy productive life. For Cabinatan, Catholicism is beneficial, as he appears contented and confident in the Catholic belief.

Culture and Identity Essay Example

Culture and Identity Essay Example Culture and Identity Essay Culture and Identity Essay CULTURE AND IDENTITY WORD COUNT: 2,241 28/11/13 Introduction Culture, this is a way that an individual attaches themselves to a certain community from which they are from, a way in which an individual is brought up based on what that community believes in; according to theorists culture is the shared philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit a community together Meek (1988, p. 57) when considering an organisation, the founder of that particular organisation is where the culture will be derived from, for example the Red Carnation Hotels culture is to make the guests feel hey are in their own home home away from home redcarnationhotels. com, (2012) this concept is embedded in all the RCH hotels. Identity is what an individual identifies themselves to be, for example depending on where they work or their state in which they find themselves in is what they will identify themselves to be. Identity can be derived from the surroundings; it defines who that person is based on where the individual was brought up; TaJfel (1978) comments on social identity and how an individual identifies themselves based on the social group they belong to; In order or this to happen the in-groups of the organisation need to reciprocate the corporate culture to the out-groups and allow assimilation to take place in order for the culture to be embedded in the individual. The essay will outline the positive and negative impacts that identity and corporate culture can cause to the hospitality industry if not incorporated correctly by the managers of the organizations, which can then cause a rejection of the culture and therefore affect an individuals performance, which in the long run will affect the organisations performance when it omes to competition. Literature Review Corporate culture and worker identity have been said to share different values, after extensive research from other theorists it has been said that culture and identity are meta-concepts Glenn (1991). Which suggest they work very closely with one another and that they are not all that different from one another; Hogg (2000) comments on how certain individuals derive their identity from the organisation, the corporate culture of the organisation is what an individual will identify themselves to be based on the values and beliefs of the corporate culture. In this essay the discussion will focus upon the complexity of corporate culture and worker identity. The way in which or discontinuous change, this is also because many theorists have sought to further identify and elaborate the theoretical constructs that underpin the concept in order to develop a more comprehensive theory of culture in organisations Ogbonna and Harris (2000, p. 33) this is to better serve the individuals who want to adapt the culture of the organisation to their own, but in order for that to happen they need to understand what the culture is. Culture cannot be defined in one particular way it has different attributes and meanings depending on what context it is used. For example Hofstead (1991, ed. 1994) defines the diversity and complexity of culture using the onion diagram which illustrates the different stages of culture and how when applied to an organisation the different practices can affect both the organisation and the individual. Managers therefore play a vital part in implementing the culture to the individuals, Cameron et al (1999) says in order for culture to be embedded in an individual managers need to reciprocate the ndividuals occupation to that of the organisational culture in this way managers need to have the ability to confer identity; for example aiding a chef to find similarities between their culture and that of the organisation. The purpose here is to identify that every organisation has a culture and this culture is what sets them apart in the competing market, in order for the culture to be used as a tool to compete with other organisations that are competing in the same sector the culture has to be embedded in every individual that is part of that particular organisation. This is because when there is a sense of unitary the organisation can function in an effect way and be able to meet or exceed its goals. Although when it comes to the hospitality industry there is always friction because of the different out-groups for example chef culture is one of the out-groups in the hospitality industry that has its own culture and deeply rooted values which in many cases will be different from the organisation. The passionate nature of the chef needs to be taken into consideration; because they perceive themselves to be artists therefore it is difficult for the rganisation to dictate the type of art that should be used that will fall in line with the culture of the organisation. Discussion There have been a number of theorists that over the years try and explain culture, for example Ogbonna (1993) in one of his papers questions whether or not culture is manageable. This however depends on the organisation that is being discussed and depending on the study it will differ from other definitions of culture; for example the culture of a motor company will differ to that of a hospitality company, he then comments on the concept of Smircichs (1983) theory of perceiving culture as is and has when viewed as something an organisation has, culture becomes a powerful organisational tool. It shapes behaviour, gives organisational members a sense of identity. Ogbonna (1993, p. 14) This suggests that culture in this concept is manageable because there is room to adapt and individuals can identify themselves with the culture and therefore can easily affiliate to the organisational culture; for example when considering a chef in the hospitality industry, its best to say a chef when given the opportunity they can identify similarities in the organisation and be he in-group and out-group processes because the out-groups will be able to identify themselves with t he culture of the in-group, this is because there is room for change and amendments, in doing so the in-group puts processes in place with which the out-groups through amalgamation can adapt to in an incremental way. When it comes to describing culture is the organisation Smircich (1983) suggest that this is not an ideal organisation in terms of implementing strategies or improvements. Ogbonna (1993) also says if culture is the organisation then there is not a lot of room o debate or give suggestions; innovation cannot be implemented in this type of phenomenon because of how deeply rooted the culture is. This suggest that the out- groups of the organisation have no choice but to adhere to the culture, in this type of organisation there is an expectancy of rejection of the culture thus implementing a discontinues change in the company, this will also affect the performance of the organisation and wont be able to compete with other organisation that are competing in the same sector. When looking at the roots of the organisation Hofstede (1991 , ed. 1994) onion diagram best describes culture is the organisation. This is because when viewing an onion it has many layers, there is no way of getting to the core of the onion without peeling off the outer layers, unless you cut it in the middle. When applying this concept to an organisation whereby culture is the organisation, it suggests how deeply rooted the culture is. The culture cannot be penetrated because of how deeply rooted it is. If for example changes had to be made to the organisation for example the out-groups of the organisation wanted to e innovative, that would be nearly impossible because if the out-groups innovation does not fall in line with the corporate culture of the organisation it will cause a disruption, and the innovation will be rejected. This is dangerous for an organisation because in order to stay in the competing market the organisation has be innovative; its also dangerous in the competitive market because the strategies can be copied by other competing markets, therefore the organisation will not have any competitive advantage in the market and in an economic downturn it will not be able to survive. In the case of culture is the organisation it is best to use a reciprocal strategy between the in-groups and the out groups. Cameron et al, (1999, p. 225) comments on the fact that a reciprocal and adversarial relationship between occupation and organisation culture is very much needed and i t is the duty of the managers to implement this strategy this is also because managers are in the best position to incorporate this strategy to unify the organisation. Before the strategy is implemented there needs to be an understanding that culture and identity are two meta-concepts; a chef is in itself an identity and a culture. The question is how a manager reciprocates a chef into the organisational culture. Turner (1982) suggests a way in which reciprocation can happen, he says in order for an individual to associate themselves with the organisation that individual needs to stop perceiving themselves from a self-perception and perceive themselves from a group- perception. Another way is Self-categorization this is a way in which a chef needs to affiliate with the organisational culture; furthermore the chef will be able to see imilarities between the organisational culture and its own which will then lead to the chef not thinking of himself as an individual but rather thinking as a group or as group of the company which has a different culture but instead they will share the same culture as the in-group in so doing the process of depersonalisation takes place. This is the way in which chefs of an organisation assimilates themselves to the in-group prototype and thus begin to share the same culture as the organisation. Not only does culture play a major role in the organisation so does identity, which rings us back to the point made earlier that culture and identity should be viewed as meta-concepts this is because culture can be viewed as an individuals identity; this is because when referring to a persons culture it is the same as referring to their identity. When it comes to an organisation many theorists comment on the fact that individuals need to assimilate to the organisations culture, part of the reason this needs to happen is because in simple terms the individual is in need of the Job because at that particular moment the Job is what is paying for that individuals eing. Another reason is that in hospitality there is a lot of competition when acquiring a Job therefore individuals need to be highly skilled and also multi-skilled which increases their probability of getting employed. In rare cases where the individual does not assimilate to the organisations culture is where the organisation is in need of that individual because of the skills that come with that individual, for example a Michelin chef would be an example of this. The reason being if the organisation wants to have a competitive advantage in the market the Michelin chef s very much needed in that organisation because of what that particular chef will contribute to the entire organisation. Conclusion In conclusion culture and identity are two concepts that are very complex and diverse, in that they need to be treated with delicacy. Both meta-concepts of the other which means are very similar to one another, there cannot be reference to culture without thinking of identity, in some cases that can happen for example when the culture is the organisation in this case it is the culture that is considered more than identity. Whereas when an organisation has a culture this is when the two oncepts work together because changes can be made to the organisation based on an identity for example having a Michelin chef changes the culture from a regular restaurant toa Michelin restaurant based on the identity of the individual. In order for the organisation to work as one unit or to become unitary, the in-groups need to reciprocate the out-groups to the corporate culture. In doing so this not only builds a strong organisation but it makes the organisation work simultaneously, thus increasing its capability in the competitive market. When it comes to the values and eliefs of the organisation that have been rooted deep within the corporate culture, this in a way can help the organisation in terms of competing in the competitive market, however it can only be effective in a case whereby it cannot be copied by another organisation. A prime example of this can be The Ritz Carlton hotel, compared to other five star hotels its one of the major hotels that does extremely well in the competitive market and has been doing so for a long time. At the end of the day theorist have tried to give a definition of the word culture and they each have not ound a meaning to it because depending on what context culture is used the meaning automatically changes, it is safe to say that culture and identity is to do with origin and from that can we apply it to different contexts to try and find its definition collected. References Journal articles Cameron, D. , Gore, J. , Desombre, T. , et al An examination of the reciprocal affects of occupation culture and organisation culture: the case of chefs in hotels. n International Journal of Hospitality Management (1999) Glenn, S. S. , 1991. Contingencies and metacontingencies: Relations among behavioural, cultural and iological evolution. In: Lamal, P. (Ed. ), Behavioural Analysis of So cieties and Cultural Practices. Hemisphere, London, pp. 39}71. Hogg, M. A. and Terry, J. D. Social identity and self categorisation processes organizational contexts in Academy Management Review (2001) Hofstede, G. , 1991. ed. 1994. Cultures and Organizations. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, I-JK. Meek, L. M. , 1988. Organizational culture: origins and weaknesses. Organization Studies 9 (4), 453}473. Ogbonna, E. , 1992/93. Managing organisational culture: fantasy or reality? Human resource Management 3 (2), 43}54 Ogbonna, E. , 1992/93. Managing organisational culture: fantasy or reality? Human resource Management 3 (2), 43}54 Smircich, L. , 1983. Concepts of culture and organizational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly 28, 339}358. TaJfel, J. , 1978. Di! erentiation Between Social Groups. Academic Press, London. Turner, J. C. 1982. Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. TaJfel (Ed. ), Social identity and inter- group relations: 15-40. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Website Redcarnationhotels . (2012) . The RCH story. Retrieved from http:// www. redcarnationhotels. com/about-us/the-rch-story

How to Find Original Science Fair Project Ideas

How to Find Original Science Fair Project Ideas Do you want to come up with a truly original science fair project that is all your own and not one out of a book or used by another student? Heres advice that may help stimulate your creativity. Find a Topic That Interests You What interests you? Food? Video games? Dogs? Football? The first step is to identify subjects that you like. Ask Questions Original ideas start with questions. Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Which? You can ask questions such as: Does ____ affect ____ ? What is the effect of _____ on _____ ? How much ____ is required to _____ ? To what extent does ____ affect ____ ? Designing an Experiment Can you answer your question by changing only one factor? If not, then it will save you a lot of time and energy to ask a different question. Can you take measurements or do you have a variable you can count such as yes/no or on/off? It is important to be able to take measurable data rather than rely on subjective data. You can measure length or mass, for example, but it is hard to measure human memory or factors such as taste and smell. Try brainstorming ideas. Think of topics that interest you and start asking questions. Write down variables that you know you can measure. Do you have a stopwatch? You could measure time. Do you have a thermometer? You could measure temperature? Cross out any questions that you cant answer. Pick the remaining idea that you like the best or try this exercise with a new subject. It may not be easy at first, but with a little practice, youll be generating lots of original ideas.

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law - Essay Example The main purposes of having criminal laws are just twofold: to state public morality and to set the boundaries within the society. In a society, there are various non-verbal practices that have been put to law, because the members of the society deem it as offending or inappropriate. So when an individual violates a rule which is establish by the society, or perhaps a public moral, then that individual would be punished for intentionally breaking the rule, because his action implies that he is intentionally causing disharmony to the society. Law, or criminal law in this case, seeks to have these individuals accountable for the criminal actions they have committed. This is done through having legal actions against them, like imprisonment or fines. Criminal law is based on many written sources, all of them from laws. These are constitutional, administrative, statutory, common and case laws. Constitutional law deals with the U.S. Constitution: how it has to be interpreted and implemente d. All the laws are subordinate of the constitution. If, say, a law is in conflict with the Constitution, the Supreme Court acts on it and deem it unconstitutional. Administrative laws are made by the government offices, agencies and commissions. They are semi-judicial or semi-legislative in character but they often have criminal penalties. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) are examples of administrative agencies that make this kind of laws. They can also formulate rules and investigations and also impose sanctions. Statutory laws are those which are passed as statutes by the Congress and other state legislative bodies. The federal government has its own set of statutory laws as well as the state government. Federal law sometimes overlaps with the federal law. Common law is based on the universal practices and notions of the society. It is also known as judge-made law, where the judges created the common law by r uling that certain actions are deemed as crimes and they are punishable. The judges also defined that certain offenses like rape and murder are crimes against the state. This originated in England in the twelfth century. Case laws are laws that laws that have resulted from court decisions and interpretations of statutory law. This is often the result when certain court decisions have not yet been codified. One of the most common justification and excuse defense used is self-defense and insanity. A justification or excuse in jurisprudence is a defense against criminal charges and it’s commonly used as a means to grant exception for a person which may have criminal liabilities (excuse) or as a means to vindicate an act (justice). These defenses have similar but different functions. Justification was already seen in Early English law but they were for remission of the criminal’s punishments, which is basically just a dismissal of criminal charges. Justification also means that criminal charges be dismissed because an individual enforcement of the law or for the benefit of the public. Excuse began as a plea for mercy and often used psychology to support the acts of crime. Therefore, justification implies that it is for the common good, and for the uniformity of the people in the society while excuse is a highly individualized defense, depending on the accused psychological assessment. For example, self-defense is commonly used as

The Good Soldier Svejk Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Good Soldier Svejk Analysis - Essay Example en analyzed by the author as well as the main characteristics that have been explored and satirized such as the use of national language, utilization of legal symbols, and religious objects among others. The novel describes the happenings of the First World War that resulted from the murder in Sarajevo. Characters such as Svejk display a great interest in serving the Australian emperor during the war that it was hard to decide whether he was simply crafty or an idiot who undermined the efforts of the war. Subsequently, he gets arrested by the secret police, Bretschneider, when he makes sensitive remarks about politics and later sent to penitentiary. It is then claimed that he was insane and was sent to a madhouse before he was ejected. Subsequently, he uses his intellect to join the army as batman to the chaplain of the army who is Otto Katz. Generally, the narrative recounts of how a rogue was able to use his wits and survived various misfortunes. It gives a limelight to a corrupt and complex society where the main character is always on the move from the beginning of the novel. One of the key elements that the author has used in sustaining and creating interest and making the char acteristics more credible is in developing the main character and how he is enlightened by the struggles in his life. The amazing and picaresque novel is a genre that has exemplary characteristics such as satire, which enables the author to introduce various social types in funny and bizarrely situations. This he does to expose their vanity, stupidity, and hypocrisy. The form used does not make difficult demands to have intricate plotting as in the case of detective stories but rather has detailed characterization of persons who are comic strips with regard to social types. The style employed demands an interesting and sympathetic central character as well as witty satire in order to sustain the interest’s of the reader in all the episodes. Hasek satirize s and explores various

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Essay

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Company - Essay Example CRM is regarded as not just the application of technology, but also a strategy to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours in order to develop stronger relationships with them (Yu, 2009). As such, it is more of a business philosophy than a technical solution to assist in dealing with customers effectively and efficiently. Nevertheless, successful CRM relies on the use of technology. In this regard, Shanmugasundaram (2008) has noted that so far as the technological architecture of CRM is concerned, it is broadly categorized into 3 types which are as follows: Operational Analytical Collaborative Also, Bergeron (2002) has been of the opinion that CRM is a technology; and that it is basically a process that helps firms to create â€Å"consistent, repeatable and measurable results†. Thus the overt reliance of CRM on technology is facilitated through the various scholars who have noted the degree to which technology is a facilitator in CRM. Shanmugasundaram (2008) has been o f the opinion that there are various typical features of any good CRM program. CRM is basically linked to the corporate level strategy of the organization and envisages the establishment as well as the maintenance of long lasting relationships among the customers and the firm. However, it is always difficult to implement a successful CRM strategy. Bergeron (2008) has stated that overtly technologically reliant CRM policies may not always turn out to be electronically feasible. The author further notes that various technological problems as well as other issues arise while implementing an otherwise sound CRM policy plan on paper into action. Moreover, among the other major problems that arise is that the firm may not have a high level of technological expertise and the lack of such technological expertise may result in the firm’s outsourcing of the CRM implementation parts. This in turn makes the valuable data of the firm susceptible to the potential threat of the data falling in the hands of outsiders as well. Also, Bergeron (2002) states that technology is an integral part of the overall CRM process. In this regard, again, security and privacy can pose to be issues that may turn out to be hard to sort out during the implementation phase. So far as the ambit of CRM is concerned, it is seen as the automation of horizontally integrated business processes involving front office customer contact points via multiple, interconnected delivery channels (Peelen, 2003). Thus the purview of CRM spreads across various important functions of business like marketing, sales, service as well as support. Given the reach of CRM or for that matter the latest concept of using CRM from a strategic point of view, it becomes very important to ensure that proper care is taken in order to ensure proper planning as well implementation of CRM policies within the organization. In the context of the present study, it is imperative that the firm under consideration has indeed left a n indelible mark in recent times given the practices in retail marketing vis a vis customer relationship management. Thus the study envisages delving deep into the area of customer relationship management in general and that of the Apple company in particular in order to come up with insights as well as findings regarding the

Base Camp Essay Example for Free

Base Camp Essay Expeditions to Mount Everest will totally be exhilarating beyond description, in a sense. Every climber, Sir Edmund Hillary to Jon Krakauer to all the climbers he met during his expedition, to anyone else who have climbed, are climbing and will climb – will be outstanding characters of that adventure into thin air – thus, moving from a life altering Everest experience to awesome awakenings and revelations about themselves and their life thereafter. It is Dr. Seaborn Beck Weathers that the story told in â€Å"Into Thin Air† that will be most notable. He is a wealthy doctor from Texas and has been committed and determined to climb Mt. Everest. Dr. Weathers and Jon Krakauer were teammates with the team of Rob Hall. During the initial days of the expedition, Jon does not know Dr. Weathers much. It was only the most unexpected and miraculous turn of events that Jon about Dr. Weathers. A one dramatic turn of the story of â€Å"Into Thin Air† was when Jon, upon their descending the summit after their successful conquering of its 29,028 ft on May 10, 1996. One of Rob Hall’s rule is that their turnaround time was 2 p. m. Whoever has not reached the peak must just give it up at exactly 2 p. m. no matter how close anyone else is. Dr. Weathers did not make it. And when Jon reached the Balcony, a part of the route, he saw Dr. Weathers alone. Dr. Weathers was terribly cold and shaking and shivering. Dr. Weathers developed a bad eyesight during the Mr. Everest Climb. Apparently, he had radial keratotomy to correct his vision years before the expedition. Due to the low barometric pressure of the heights of the mountains, his vision became blurred. Dr.Weathers kept the information and what he is undergoing at that time from Rob Hall and the rest of the team. He was already nearly blind when they initially left their Base Camp. It is because of his deep determination and profound passion for climbing and his intention to work well in a team – that he forced his way through the expedition. Dr. Weathers hoped that when daylight comes, his eyesight will be a little bit better. During the ascent of the team of Rob Hall, Dr. Weathers really walked very close to the next person in front of him – without any complaints. When he could no longer bear the discomfort and knowing that he would pose more of a danger than good to his team, he admitted to Rob Hall about his condition. Then and there, Rob Hall decided that Dr. Weathers will not continue and he will be accompanied by a Sherpas to return to Base Camp. Inspite of the confidence of Dr. Weathers, Hall insisted Dr. Weathers stay put and to wait for the team Thus Dr. Weathers waited until Jon saw him and after a long wait, a guide gets Dr. Weathers to descend. But the weather became terribly bad. Blizzard and snow pellets abound. As it turned out, the more the vision of Dr. Weather’s gone to worse. He was practically stepping into thin air as they walked down Mr. Everest. And it was at the South Col part of the mountain that a hurricane fully developed totally devastated the team ascending – Dr. Weathers included. There were teams that were sent to rescue. But no effort was made to rescue Dr. Weathers as they considered him dead. The night passed and surely Dr. Weathers was without any oxygen and unconscious. He was comatose for 12 hours. But lo and behold, Dr. Weathers regained consciousness and made his way to Base Camp – all with the worst frost bites ever treated by doctors in the camp. Jon’s encounter and narration of the incident on Dr. Weathers left very indelible meaning for him. Jon says in â€Å"Into Thin Air†: â€Å"Its an incredible tale, and Becks an incredible guy, Krakauer says. He lost a hand and all his fingers, and he just tells it like it is. He doesnt try to embellish his story or put a spin on anything. His story is horrible but it is also uplifting. It may be the one uplifting part of this whole sordid mess.

Nonprofit and For-Profit Hospitals Essay -- Health Care, Long Term Car

Describe the differences between nonprofit and for-profit hospitals. William & Torres provided a table to reflect hospitals ownership, and noted that some hospitals, while owned by one type of entity, may be operating under a contract by another entity, such as a hospital management company (Williams & Torrens, page 185). Some of the largest groups of hospitals in the nation are nonprofit community hospitals (Williams & Torrens, page 185). Nonprofit entities, including hospitals, function under special provisions of corporation law in each state, and under federal and state tax provisions that recognize their community service function (Williams & Torrens, page 185). The nation has approximately 1 million nonprofit entities of various sorts and hospitals have long been a traditional service provider in the nonprofit sector (Williams & Torrens, page 185). Nonprofit entities are generally exempt from most taxes at the federal, state, and local levels including income and property taxes (Williams & Torrens, page 185). These facilities are govern ed by a community based board that has ultimate authority for running these entities. Sponsorship for a nonprofit can come from various organizations, unlike other hospitals with traditional religious sponsorship (Williams & Torrens, page 185). A small percentage of the nation’s hospitals are operated by for-profit businesses (Williams & Torrens, page 186). For-profit hospitals have owners and issue stock to those owners to reflect their equity position (Williams & Torrens, page 185). For-profit hospitals are not just accountable to the community but must also provide a return on investment to the shareholders; they expect to generate a profit to pay a return to the equity inves... ... pays for 47 percent of all nursing facility care, and residents and their families pay for one-third. (Williams & Torrens, page 205). As for as the hospital, Medicare and private insurance are the primary payers from hospital services, with individuals paying relatively little from their pockets (Williams & Torrens, page 205). Critique the current state of long-term care policy in the U.S. After reviewing the current state of the long-term care policy from the United States, it appears to be slowly moving toward extinction. Public policy is not likely to provide any over- arching continuity for long-term care in the near future (Williams & Torrens, page 218). I agree with the idea of Americans engaging in personal planning. Personal planning will assure individual that if he or she needs long-term care it will be available.

What Does Democracy Signifies

If firms were not in a competitive environment, they would be able to control the market. Still, there are other factors, which stop firms from controlling the market. Namely the fact that firms do not have perfect information, issues about its objectives or firms may not even know how to maximise profits. This is due to the fact that companies use different pieces of information or interpret it differently. Firms can use different tasks in order to achieve the same aim. Companies often set themselves in mission statement; or they try to set goals by which the statement will be achieved; or a specific objective. A firm aims to maximise profits, and that is what this essay will focus on. First, it will give a brief definition of firm and define its objectives. Second, it will examine the assumption of profit maximisation. Third it will confirm whether firms really maximise their profits. Then it will follow by mentioning other alternatives to profit maximisation. Finally in the conclusion, it will include the results of this essay. It is understood by firm ‘ an organisation consisting of one or more individuals working as a decision-making unit to produce goods or services† (Atkinson, B. & R. Miller â€Å"Business Economics†). The firm†s objectives are to maximise profits. The amount that the company receives for the sale of its output is called its total revenue. The amount that the firm pays to buy inputs is called its total cost. We, then, define profit as a firm†s total revenue minus its total cost. Thus, if a firm gets  £10,000 from selling its output and spends  £90,000 producing this output, its profit is  £10,000. The above diagram shows how costs, revenue and profit interact with each other. Costs go up with output as well as revenue, but just till a certain point. Revenue falls due to the firm†s necessity to lower its costs in order to rise selling. In other words, in the cost curve firms will experience increasing returns, followed by decreased returns. Revenue will rise, as price falls and quantity goes up. Profits will occur between the two points were the curves intersect. The slope of the two curves are the same and they are given by the marginal value (marginal revenue and marginal cost). Hence, to maximise profit, marginal revenue must equals marginal cost. In order to achieve this, firms must have all the details on the demanded product. Profit maximisation plays an important role within a firm, as it makes innovation possible as well as the payment of higher wages and greater job offers. Moreover, profits create incentives as it is rewarding for entrepreneurs, whose time and skills contributed to the firm†s success. Increasing profits leads to a rise in output and with it consumers also get more satisfied. Thus, it can be said that it is also beneficial to society to raise profits. Profits provide a source of revenue, which reverts in favour of new factories and machinery. In addition, profits encourage innovation again society benefits from it. However, there are still motives for companies to refuse to have high levels of profit. Companies will just be able to maximise profits if owners are in control of the firms. However, in big companies such as Coca-Cola or Shell where, probably, there are many shareholders, it is more difficult to maximise profits. As, in this case managers are more likely to run the business. This leads us to do so called ‘principal-agent problem†. Where owners† objectives may be different from the managers. Hence, due to the rise of the joint-stock company there has developed a split between ownership and control. Ownership belongs now to shareholders, while managers exerce the power of controling. Still, there are motives to choose to maximise profits. Firstly, profit maximisation is still a sign of power, so in a competitive environment firms will opt to maximise profit to ensure its survival; Secondly, both the principal and agent, when confroting a situation of no option, they would prefer to maximise profits rather than lower them; Most important, due to profit maximisation it became possible for economists to study the output and the price of companies and, consequently, study the market. In analysing the managerial approach, it can be noticed that managers will then aim to take precedents over the objectives of the owner. In this case the primary goal of a firm is to maximise its revenue. This will occur because managers† remuneration is more likely to be linked to revenue than to profitability. For example, bank†s tend to regard growing sales positive as well as financial markets, who likes to see growing sales revenue. Most important, sales revenue is still seen as an indication of success. The same occurs to firms that have their main aim to maximise growth. Just like raising revenue, raising growth also leads to higher bonuses. Managers also benefit from it because their status gets better, as the firm has more prestige. Such theory, also suggests that managers try to maximise their own profit benefits. In other words, use firms to get their objectives. Still, there is other theory that states that managers in fact do not maximise anything at all, but they attend to satisfactory levels, theory developed by H. Simon. Here, managers will set a minimum level of profit, keeping shareholders satisfied. This type of approach is probably used by small firms, which are not able to take the big risks that profit maximisation can lead to. Moreover, managers try to keep all members of the firm satisfied, so profit maximisation becames a hard task to achieve. In general, conditions of uncertainty difficults the achievement of sales and profit maximisation. In practise management tries to obtain growth in output and assets from one year to the next and achieve satisfactory growth. On one hand, it is true to say that there is a separation of ownership and control, consequently, this stresses the importance of managers. On the other hand, it is difficult to describe how the different objectives of management and shareholders interact to produce the goals and objectives of the company.

Tort Law

In any given situation, it is evidently clear that the company should remain responsible and legally liable to their people or employe and among the consumers that patronize their product. Thus, should there be any accident and/or damages that badly harm these people in the course of exercising their duties, as employees and workers, the company could be held liable and sue to settle their legal obligations in shouldering the damages and lost of these people.As for the case of The Bug Plant located in Shady Town, USA, the employees and the vendor that have been attacked and robbed in the parking lot of the company could possibly file a law suit against the The Bug Plant under the legal offense of Negligence, as written in the Tort Law.Given the fact that the incidents of robbery against these people have happened within the premises of the company's grounds, wherein these people are working as the company's workers, both of the employees and the vendor could sue the company under the Tort Law, as it is evident that The Bug Plant has failed to ensure the safety and security of these people while staying and performing their duties and responsibilities for the company.More so, with the prior information that the Shady Town has been plagued with a recent crime wave, the case of Negligence could be filed against The Bug Plant, as the company failed to do the necessary adjustment to strengthen their company security and ensure the welfare of their people.Thus, The Bug Plant could be sued under the Tort Law, as they failed to exercise and meet the required standard of care in doing business. Lastly, The Bug Plant could use the notion that the incidents of robbery in the parking lot against the second shift employees have happened after their shift and/or beyond their official work hours, as the BUG's potential defense.On the other hand, The BUG Plant could also use the fact, as their defense, that the vendor who has been robbed, while waiting for the dock manager, is not their legal employee and that they do not have direct employment connection with this person and they should not be held liable for any damages. References Definition of Tort. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http://www. personal-injury-info. net/definition-of-tort. htm Product Liability. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http://www. personal-injury-info. net/product-liability. htm